Cynodon dactylon

Cynodon dactylon

Taxonavigation

Taxonavigation: Poales
Classification System: APG IV Superregnum: Eukaryota Regnum: Plantae Cladus: Angiosperms Cladus: Monocots Cladus: Commelinids Ordo: Poales

Familia: Poaceae
Subfamilia: Chloridoideae
Tribus: Cynodonteae
Subtribus: Eleusininae
Genus: Cynodon
Species: Cynodon dactylon

Name

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 85 (1805).

Synonyms

• Basionym
  • Panicum dactylon L., Sp. Pl. 1: 58 (1753).
• Homotypic
  • Digitaria dactylon (L.) Scop., Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 1: 52 (1771).
  • Dactilon officinale Vill., Hist. Pl. Dauphiné 2: 69 (1787), nom. superfl.
  • Paspalum dactylon (L.) Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 176 (1791).
  • Digitaria littoralis Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 19 (1796), nom. superfl.
  • Phleum dactylon (L.) Georgi, Beschr. Nation. Russ. Reich 4: 681 (1800).
  • Fibichia umbellata Koeler, Descr. Gramin.: 308 (1802), nom. superfl.
  • Milium dactylon (L.) Moench, Suppl. Meth.: 67 (1802).
  • Cynosurus dactylon (L.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 85 (1805).
  • Paspalum ambiguum DC. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck & A.P.de Candolle, Fl. Franç., ed. 3, 3: 16 (1805), nom. superfl.
  • Digitaria stolonifera Schrad., Fl. Germ.: 165 (1806), nom. superfl.
  • Panicum ambiguum Le Turq., Fl. Rouen: 28 (1816), nom. superfl.
  • Cynodon sarmentosus Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 100 (1822) [1821 publ. 1822], nom. superfl.
  • Chloris cynodon Trin., Gram. Unifl. Sesquifl.: 229 (1824), nom. superfl.
  • Cynodon repens Dulac, Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées: 76 (1867), nom. superfl.
  • Capriola dactylon (L.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 764 (1891).
  • Fibichia dactylon (L.) Beck, Glasn. Zemaljsk. Muz. Bosni Hercegovini 15: 26 (1903).

• Heterotypic
  • Panicum lineare L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 1: 85 (1762).
  • Agrostis linearis Retz., Observ. Bot. 4: 19 (1786).
  • Cynosurus uniflorus Walter, Fl. Carol.: 82 (1788).
  • Paspalum umbellatum Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 177 (1791).
  • Agrostis stellata Willd., Sp. Pl., ed. 4, 1: 376 (1797).
  • Digitaria linearis (L.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 85 (1805).
  • Cynodon linearis (Retz.) Willd., Enum. Pl.: 90 (1809).
  • Cynodon stellatus (Willd.) Willd., Enum. Pl.: 90 (1809).
  • Vilfa linearis (Retz.) P.Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr.: 16 (1812).
  • Vilfa stellata (Willd.) P.Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr.: 16 (1812).
  • Cynodon maritimus Kunth in F.W.H.von Humboldt, A.J.A.Bonpland & C.S.Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 1: 170 (1816).
  • Cynodon tenuis Trin., Neue Entdeck. Pflanzenk. 2: 63 (1821).
  • Chloris maritima Trin., Gram. Unifl. Sesquifl.: 236 (1824).
  • Digitaria maritima (Kunth) Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 272 (1824).
  • Digitaria linearis (Retz.) Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 271 (1825).
  • Cynodon erectus J.Presl in C.B.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1: 290 (1829).
  • Cynodon pascuus Nees in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. Bras. Enum. Pl. 2: 425 (1829).
  • Agrostis bermudiana Tussac ex Kunth, Enum. Pl. 1: 259 (1833), pro syn.
  • Agrostis filiformis J.Koenig ex Kunth, Enum. Pl. 1: 261 (1833), pro syn.
  • Cynodon occidentalis Willd. ex Steud., Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1: 463 (1840), pro syn.
  • Cynodon portoricensis Willd. ex Steud., Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1: 463 (1840), pro syn.
  • Panicum glumipatulum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 41 (1853).
  • Chloris paytensis Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 207 (1854).
  • Cynodon glabratus Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 212 (1854).
  • Digitaria glumipatula (Steud.) Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 3: 439 (1857).
  • Dactylus officinalis Asch., Fl. Brandenburg 1: 810 (1864), pro syn.
  • Cynodon dactylon var. villosus Regel, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 41(II): 305 (1869).
  • Cynodon dactylon var. pulchellus Benth., Fl. Austral. 7: 609 (1878).
  • Fibichia umbellata var. biflora (Merino) Beck, Fl. Nieder-Österreich 1: 76 (1890).
  • Fibichia umbellata f. glabrescens Beck, Fl. Nieder-Österreich 1: 76 (1890).
  • Fibichia umbellata f. major Beck, Fl. Nieder-Österreich 1: 76 (1890).
  • Syntherisma linearis (L.) Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 420 (1895).
  • Cynodon dactylon var. elegans Rendle in W.P.H iern, Cat. Afr. Pl. 2: 221 (1899).
  • Cynodon dactylon septentrionalis Asch. & Graebn., Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 2(1): 85 (1899).
  • Cynodon dactylon var. biflorus Merino, Fl. Galicia 3: 310 (1909).
  • Cynodon dactylon var. maritimus (Kunth) Hack., Ark. Bot. 8(8): 40 (1909).
  • Cynodon dactylon var. glabratus (Steud.) Chiov., Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s., 26: 82 (1919).
  • Capriola dactylon var. maritima (Kunth) Hitchc., Bull. U.S.D.A. 772: 179 (1920).
  • Cynodon dactylon subvar. hirsutissimus Litard. & Maire, Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 4: 25 (1924).
  • Cynodon polevansii Stent, Bothalia 2: 278 (1927).
  • Cynodon dactylon var. villosus Grossh., Fl. Kavkaza 1: 91 (1928), nom. illeg.
  • Cynodon dactylon f. villosus (Regel) Roshev. in V.L.Komarov (ed.), Fl. URSS 2: 285 (1934).
  • Cynodon dactylon var. hirsutissimus (Litard. & Maire) Maire, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 30: 368 (1939).
  • Cynodon dactylon var. nipponicus Ohwi, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 10: 264 (1941).
  • Cynodon parviglumis Ohwi, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 55: 538 (1941).
  • Cynodon dactylon var. densus Hurcombe, J. S. African Bot. 13: 107 (1947).
  • Cynodon dactylon subsp. glabratus (Steud.) A.Chev., Rev. Int. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 27: 282 (1947).
  • Cynodon dactylon var. sarmentosus Parodi, Revista Argent. Agron. 23: 185 (1956).
  • Cynodon barberi f. longifolia Join, Indian Forester 92: 699 (1966).
  • Cynodon affinis Caro & E.A.Sánchez, Kurtziana 5: 223 (1969).
  • Cynodon aristiglumis Caro & E.A.Sánchez, Kurtziana 5: 236 (1969).
  • Cynodon dactylon var. aridus J.R.Harlan & de Wet, Crop Sci.(Madison) 9: 774 (1969).
  • Cynodon dactylon var. longiglumis Caro & E.A.Sánchez, Kurtziana 5: 210 (1969).
  • Cynodon dactylon var. pilosus Caro & E.A.Sánchez, Kurtziana 5: 210 (1969).
  • Cynodon decipiens Caro & E.A.Sánchez, Kurtziana 5: 262 (1969).
  • Cynodon distichloides Caro & E.A.Sánchez, Kurtziana 5: 254 (1969).
  • Cynodon grandispiculus Caro & E.A.Sánchez, Kurtziana 5: 258 (1969), pro syn.
  • Cynodon hirsutissimus (Litard. & Maire) Caro & E.A.Sánchez, Kurtziana 5: 220 (1969).
  • Cynodon laeviglumis Caro & E.A.Sánchez, Kurtziana 5: 217 (1969).
  • Cynodon maritimus var. breviglumis Caro & E.A.Sánchez, Kurtziana 5: 234 (1969).
  • Cynodon maritimus var. grandispiculus Caro & E.A.Sánchez, Kurtziana 5: 234 (1969).
  • Cynodon mucronatus Caro & E.A.Sánchez, Kurtziana 5: 239 (1969).
  • Cynodon dactylon f. glabrescens (Beck) Soó, Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 17: 123 (1971 publ. 1972), not validly publ.
  • Cynodon dactylon f. major (Beck) Soó, Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 17: 123 (1971 publ. 1972).
  • Cynodon aristulatus Caro & E.A.Sánchez, Darwiniana 17: 514 (1972).
  • Cynodon dactylon var. septentrionalis (Asch. & Graebn.) Ravarut, Fl. Republ. Socialist. România 12: 139 (1972).
  • Cynodon nitidus Caro & E.A.Sánchez, Darwiniana 17: 510 (1972).
  • Cynodon dactylon f. viviparus Beetle, Phytologia 48: 189 (1981).
  • Cynodon dactylon var. parviglumis (Ohwi) Fosberg & Sachet, Micronesica 18: 45 (1982 publ. 1984).
  • Cynodon iraquensis Caro, Dominguezia 6: 5 (1983).
  • Cynodon maritimus var. vaginiflorus Caro, Dominguezia 6: 20 (1983).
  • Cynodon pedicellatus Caro, Dominguezia 6: 9 (1983).
  • Cynodon scabrifolius Caro, Dominguezia 6: 13 (1983).
  • Cynodon umbellatus (Lam.) Caro, Dominguezia 6: 16 (1983).
  • Cynodon dactylon var. affinis (Caro & E.A.Sánchez) Romero Zarco, Lagascalia 14: 171 (1986).
  • Cynodon dactylon subsp. nipponicus (Ohwi) T.Koyama, Grass. Japan: 498 (1987).

Distribution

Native distribution areas:

Continental: Europe Regional: Northern Europe Great Britain Regional: Middle Europe Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Switzerland. Regional: Southwestern Europe Baleares, Corse, France, Portugal, Sardegna, Spain. Regional: Southeastern Europe Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Kriti, Romania, Sicilia, Turkey-in-Europe, Yugoslavia. Regional: Eastern Europe Krym, Central European Russia, South European Russia, Ukraine. Continental: Africa Regional: Northern Africa Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Western Sahara. Regional: Macaronesia Azores, Canary Islands, Cape Verde, Madeira. Regional: West Tropical Africa Benin, Burkina, Gambia, The, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Nigeria, Niger, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo. Regional: West-Central Tropical Africa Burundi, Central African Republic, Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gulf of Guinea Islands, Rwanda, Zaïre. Regional: Northeast Tropical Africa Chad, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Socotra, Somalia, Sudan. Regional: East Tropical Africa Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda. Regional: South Tropical Africa Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Regional: Southern Africa Botswana, Cape Provinces, Caprivi Strip, Lesotho, Namibia, KwaZulu-Natal, Free State, Swaziland, Northern Provinces. Regional: Middle Atlantic Ocean Ascension, St. Helena. Regional: Western Indian Ocean Aldabra, Chagos Archipelago, Mauritius, Mozambique Channel Islands, Madagascar, Réunion, Rodrigues, Seychelles. Continental: Asia-Temperate Regional: Middle Asia Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan, Turkmenistan, Tadzhikistan, Uzbekistan. Regional: Caucasus North Caucasus, Transcaucasus. Regional: Western Asia Afghanistan, Cyprus, East Aegean Islands, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon-Syria, Palestine, Sinai, Turkey. Regional: Arabian Peninsula Gulf States, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Yemen. Regional: China China South-Central, Hainan, China North-Central, China Southeast. Regional: Eastern Asia Japan, Korea, Kazan-retto, Nansei-shoto, Ogasawara-shoto, Taiwan. Continental: Asia-Tropical Regional: Indian Subcontinent Assam, Bangladesh, East Himalaya, India, Laccadive Islands, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, West Himalaya. Regional: Indo-China Andaman Islands, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Nicobar Islands, South China Sea, Thailand, Vietnam. Regional: Malesia Borneo, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Jawa, Lesser Sunda Islands, Malaya, Maluku, Philippines, Sumatera, Christmas Isle. Regional: Papuasia Bismarck Archipelago, New Guinea, Solomon Islands. Continental: Australasia Regional: Australia Norfolk Islands, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia. Regional: New Zealand Kermadec Islands, New Zealand North, New Zealand South. Continental: Pacific Regional: Southwestern Pacific Fiji, Gilbert Islands, Howland-Baker Islands, Nauru, Niue, New Caledonia, Phoenix Islands, Samoa, Tokelau-Manihiki, Tonga, Wallis-Futuna Islands. Regional: South-Central Pacific Cook Islands, Easter Islands, Line Islands, Marquesas, Pitcairn Islands, Society Islands, Tuamotu, Tubuai Islands. Regional: Northwestern Pacific Caroline Islands, Marianas, Marshall Islands, Wake Island. Regional: North-Central Pacific Hawaii. Continental: Northern America Regional: Western Canada British Columbia. Regional: Eastern Canada Newfoundland. Regional: Northwestern U.S.A. Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington. Regional: North-Central U.S.A. Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Oklahoma. Regional: Northeastern U.S.A. Connecticut, Indiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Regional: Southwestern U.S.A. Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah. Regional: South-Central U.S.A. New Mexico, Texas. Regional: Southeastern U.S.A. Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia. Regional: Mexico Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Mexican Pacific Islands. Continental: Southern America Regional: Central America Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama. Regional: Caribbean Aruba, Bahamas, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Leeward Islands, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, Southwest Caribbean, Turks-Caicos Islands, Trinidad-Tobago, Venezuelan Antilles, Windward Islands. Regional: Northern South America French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela. Regional: Western South America Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Galápagos, Peru. Regional: Brazil Brazil North, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central. Regional: Southern South America Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Argentina South, Chile Central, Chile North, Desventurados Islands, Paraguay, Uruguay. Continental: Antarctic Regional: Subantarctic Islands Amsterdam-St. Paul Islands, Tristan da Cunha. Note: Grey script indicates introduced occurrences. References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition

References

Primary references

• Persoon, C.H. 1805. Synopsis Plantarum: seu Enchiridium botanicum, complectens enumerationem systematicam specierum hucusque cognitarum. Pars prima. XII+546 pp. Apud Carol. Frid. Cramerum, Parisiis Lutetiorum [Paris]; Apud J.G. Cottam, Tubingae [Tübingen]. BHL Biblioteca Digital Reference page. : 85.

Links

• Govaerts, R. et al. 2015. Cynodon dactylon in Kew Science Plants of the World Online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2015 Apr. 28. Reference page. 
• International Plant Names Index. 2015. Cynodon dactylon. Published online. Accessed: Apr. 28 2015.
• Tropicos.org 2015. Cynodon dactylon. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 28 Apr. 2015.
• USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Cynodon dactylon in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 07-Oct-06.

Vernacular names

Deutsch: Hundszahngras
English: Bermuda Grass
suomi: Varvasheinä, sormiheinä
français: Chiendent pied de poule
հայերեն: Արվանտակ, շնատամ, սիլ
italiano: Gramigna
polski: Cynodon palczasty
தமிழ்: அறுகு

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